The Great Person Theory Is it a Valid Interpretation of History

Introduction The great person theory explains how great people shaped the history of the world. The noble abilities of the great persons had decisive impact on the course of the history. On this theory, Thomas Carlyle asserts that, â€Å"the history of the world is but the bibliography of great men.†1 The great persons in the history contributed to the current course of the history because without them, there would be no decisive historical impacts on the current society.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Great Person Theory: Is it a Valid Interpretation of History? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thomas Carlyle studied historical heroes and he realized that their heroic activities influenced greatly the course of the history, so he believes that by exploring their lives and activities will help the current society to shape its own future. The modern society regards and rewards the great heroes bec ause their heroism not only affects their lives, but also the society, thus shaping the history. This supports the great person theory that the course of history is due to the influence of great persons. The great Roman and Greek heroes had significance influence on course of the history for they shaped various aspects of life such as political, scientific, religious, and economic aspects amongst others. Thomas Carlyle argues that, â€Å"†¦all things that we see standing accomplished in the world are properly the outer material result, the practical realization and embodiment of thoughts, that dwelt in the great man sent into this world.†2 He emphasizes that every outstanding accomplishment in the current society originated from the thoughts of the great persons and he refers to these great persons as leaders, modelers, and even creators of the history and the future. This paper explores how the great Roman and Greek heroes: Themistocles, Caesar, Pericles, and Nero shap ed the course of history in their respective empires in validation the great person theory. Themistocles In validation of the great person theory, Themistocles was a great man who shaped the history of Greece. His birth was controversial because many thought he was an illegitimate child. In his childhood, he had great influence because â€Å"he persuaded several of the young men of high birth to accompany him to anoint and exercise themselves together at Cynosarges, an ingenious device for destroying distinction between the noble and the base-born.†3 Since Themistocles was a base-born, he wanted to make his birth legitimate by anointing and exercising at the Cynosarges. His friends admired the heroic abilities he had already demonstrated in his childhood because he was strong, inspiring, and very ambitious in shaping the history of Greece. The potential and abilities of a great man appeared in his childhood, a harbinger of a hero who will shape the course of the history. Ari stides, who was a great rival of Themistocles, harbored a lot of hatred when he saw â€Å"him stirring up the people to all kinds of enterprises, and introducing various innovations.†4 He had unique abilities for he spent most of his time alone because he did not want interferences from his companions. In the course of his life to shape the history of Greece, he studied natural philosophy and entered into politics.Advertising Looking for term paper on ancient history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Themistocles plunged into the political affairs of Greece making tremendous reformation that had marked political shift. As he pursued his dream, his father and mother disowned him because he joined politics; nevertheless, this did not deter his passion to become a politician. â€Å"It is evident that his mind was early imbued with the keenest interest in the public affairs, and the most passionate ambition for distinction. †5 His passion to attain the highest political position stirred a lot of criticism and hatred from the powerful political figures in the city of Athens yet he continued to increase in popularity and influence. His great political actions and innovations surprised his political opponents particularly the Aristides. â€Å"Gradually growing to be great, and winning the favor of the people, he at last gained the day with his faction over that of Aristides, and procured his banishment by ostracism.†6 The great hero was now in decisive stage to determine the history of Greece as powers was upon his hands to exercise them to the fullest. Since the trophy of Miltiades disturbed him so much when he was young, his determination was to ensure that the Greece win the imminent battles. Many of his friends thought that, the battle of Marathon would not last, but on contrary, he â€Å"thought that it was but the beginning for far greater conflicts, and for these, to the benefit of al l Greece, he kept to himself in continual readiness, and his city also in proper training, foreseeing from far what would happen.†7 In his first political influence, he managed to persuade the Athenians to stop sharing revenue but use them in building war ships. Themistocles wanted to use the war ships in repelling hostile neighbors like Persians who have dominated the sea and enhance the power of Greece in commanding the sea. The impending war between the Greece and the Persians prompted him to use his political powers in influencing military logistics. Themistocles becomes a political hero for he managed to influence political history of Greece. The greatest achievement of Themistocles is the military legacy he left for Greece. When the Persia threatened Greece to submit to her power, â€Å"the Athenians were in consultation of who should be general, and many withdrew themselves of their own accord, being terrified with the greatness of the danger.†8Advertising W e will write a custom term paper sample on The Great Person Theory: Is it a Valid Interpretation of History? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Due to the threatening circumstance, Themistocles did not trust the command of Epicydes for the imminent danger required a general with courage who would fight tactfully and tirelessly. With his heroic ability, he took over as a commander of Athenian forces when he killed Persian interpreter and â€Å"he immediately endeavored to persuade the citizens to leave the city, and to embark upon their galleys, and meet with the Persians at a great distance from Greece.†9 The Athenian citizens and forces followed Themistocles’ commands and gathered themselves at the sea in preparation for the war. He commanded the Athenian forces proving that â€Å"he was the chief means of the deliverance of Greece, and gained the Athenians the glory of alike surpassing their enemies in valor, and their confederates in wisdom.†10 By commanding the Athenian forces to achieve victory against the Persia, he shaped the military history of the Greece. Themistocles was distressed when he saw the Persian armies growing stronger. â€Å"He proposed a decree that those who were banished for a time might return again, to give assistance by word and deed to the cause of Greece with the rest of their fellow-citizens.†11 He did this when he realized that ostracized Aristides played an important role in the Athenian military. Knowing the threats and the interests of king Xerxes, he decided to use tactics in directing the Persian armies to the strategic fighting ground, Salamis. He sent a Persian captive, Sucinnus to tell king Xerxes that, â€Å"the Greeks were ready to make their escape, and that he counseled him to hinder their flight, to set upon them while they were in this confusion and at a distance from their land army.†12 Themistocles won the battle of Salamis by using psychological tactics to deceive king Xerxes. Therefore, Themistocles left political and military legacy to the country of Greece thus shaping the history as a great man. Caesar The bibliography of Caesar depicts the history of Rome for her was a great hero who shaped the history of Rome. He grew up under the dictatorship of Sylla who was the master of Rome. He was among the prisoners who were ready for execution, but he fortunately survived when Sylla overlooked because â€Å"so many were to be put to death, and there was so much to do.†13 Even in the face of death, he did not keep quiet for he actively campaigned to become a priest. During his youth, he displayed the courage of a great man who would shape the history of Rome. After his release, he went into exile where he learned military skills. â€Å"The first proof he had of the people’s good will to him was when he received by their suffrages a tribune-ship in the army, and came out on the list with a higher pla ce than Caius Popilius.†14 When Caesar came back from exile, he revived Marius faction in order to fight Sylla faction, which was in the government. In fighting the government, Caesar displayed a lot of courage given that his life was in the hands of Sylla. To do this, â€Å"he ordered images of Marius and figures of Victory, with trophies in their hands, to be carried privately in the night and placed in the capitol.†15 His courage to attack Sylla openly attracted many people and increased tension between Sylla and Marius factions making him achieve his objective. His followers were very happy demonstrating in the streets extolling him as a great man.Advertising Looking for term paper on ancient history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More From then Caesar dared to face Sylla and began his campaign for their Marius’s party. Caesar demonstrated his greatness when he campaigned to become a priest because his opponents were men of great influence in the senate while he was just an ordinary man. With determination, he predicted his priesthood when he told his mother, â€Å"to-day you will see me either high priest or an exile.†16 Caesar became a hero and made history when he attained priesthood amidst intense opposition. Caesar went to Spain and discovered that he had great potential in military and drew his political strategies of becoming the first man in Rome. He depicted his determination by saying that, â€Å"I have not just cause to weep, when I consider that Alexander at my age had conquered so many nations, and I have all this time done nothing that is memorable.†17 He was a great man who wanted to shape the history Rome. With the help of his two friends, Pompey and Crassus, Caesar managed to attain consulship, the highest office in Rome. In his consulship office, he formulated bills concerning division of land and plantation of colonies in order to assist the poor. In consulship, he left the legacy of enacting laws to assist the poor hence shaping the Roman society. When his term of consulship expired, Caesar was still strong and determined to shape the history of Rome. This time he vied for a position of a governor of Gaul with military intention of subduing neighboring states. â€Å"His first war in Gaul was against the Helvetians and Tigurini, who having burnt their own towns, twelve in number, and four hundred villages, would have marched forward through that part of Gaul.†18 He obtained the military skills from Spain and in Rhodes in exile. Caesar wanted the armies to ensure that he enlarged Gaul territory and he fought passionately saying that, â€Å"when I have won the battle, I will use my horse for the chase, but at present let us go against the enemy. †19 He portrayed his heroic passion for war by invading neighboring states in a bid to expand his territory. Caesar continued to expand his territory, skillfully protecting it from the threat of invasion by any nation. The prophecies of the Germans annoyed Caesar as they were waiting for the new moon to appear so that they can attack the Romans. â€Å"Caesar having had intimation of this, and seeing the Germans lie still, thought it expedient to attack them whilst they were under these apprehensions, rather than sit still and wait their time.†20 Then, he launched his second conquest and destroyed the German armies slaying thousands of them along the Rhine. Caesar military prowess had marked historical influence and shaped subsequent military systems of Rome. The Nervii who were the most powerful tribe of Celtic Belgae threatened to attack Roman armies. Caesar did not hesitate, â€Å"he led his army against the Nervii, the fiercest and most warlike people of all in thos e parts.†21 Despite their preparedness, the Roman armies attacked and conquered them. â€Å"Pompey never observed how Caesar was using the arms of Rome in effecting his conquests, and gaining over and securing to himself the favor of the Romans with the wealth which those conquests obtained him.†22 Pompey criticized Caesar for misusing the Roman military forces in pursuing his selfish interests and demanded that he disband his private armies for his term as the governor of Gaul was ending. Pompey and Caesar interests in the military resulted into civil war where their armies fought but eventually, Caesar exiled Pompey and destroyed his armies. Caesar became the great military commander who shaped the military history of Rome. Caesar left both political and military legacy to the Roman society. His greatest achievements revolve mostly around military conquests for he commanded his armies in conquering numerous battles. The military conquests of Germans, Pompey, Nervii, a nd the battle of Alesia shaped the military history and the future of the Roman society. Caesar is a hero who fought many battle and won as many, because he was courageous and full of potential. Basing on his historical achievements in shaping the course of the Rome military and political progress, Romans owe him a lot. The experiences of the Caesar support the great person theory that the history of Rome is just but a bibliography of one great person viz. Caesar. Pericles In support of the great person theory, Pericles made significant contribution to the course of Greek history. He was a Greek hero who had a noble birth since he was born in the family, which had a lot of influence in Athens. He became a noble man with a noble character. The Athenians poets praised and â€Å"furnished him most especially with a weight and grandeur of sense, superior to all arts of popularity, and in general gave him his elevation and sublimity of purpose and of character.†23 Many of his cont emporaries admired him as he had extraordinary esteem and unique character. Pericles was a powerful orator who appealed to many people as they described his abilities in language as â€Å"composure of countenance, and a serenity and calmness in all his movements, which no occurrence whilst he was speaking could disturb a sustained and even tone of voice, which produced the greatest effect on his hearers.†24 His oratory skills earned him great fame in the Athenian society hence had more influence as compared to his opponents. With his fame, he entered into political realm where he met great heroes like Themistocles and Cimon for he also wanted to shape the history of Athens. New and young to be in the political realm, Pericles was determined to be another great hero like Themistocles and Cimon. In the city of Athens, there were two political factions, Thucydides and Pericles. Pericles and his faction struggled to gain supremacy and eventually, â€Å"Thucydides was overpowered , and the whole affairs of the state and government came into the hands of Pericles.†25 Then, Pericles gained a foothold to wield his political influence against Cimon. His ascension into power elicited mixed reactions among the citizens, as they perceived him as a tyrant due his facial appearance and background influence of great people. Taking an advantage of the death of Aristides and absence of Cimon due to foreign expeditions, â€Å"Pericles, seeing things in this posture, now advanced and took his side, not with the rich and few, but with the many and poor, contrary to his natural bent, which was far from democracy.†26 Pericles utilized this opportunity to launch his political strategies against Cimon. Pericles unleashed his deadly attack to Cimon by breaking down the council of Areopagus, which was the strong hold of Cimon. Therefore, â€Å"Pericles, having secured his power in interest with the populace, directed the exertions of his party against this council with such success.†27 He managed to weaken Cimon and banish him together with his friends after accusing them as traitors for he perceived they had conspired against him with the enemies. By banishing Cimon for ten years, he received criticisms that his rule was â€Å"an aristocratically government, that went by the name of a democracy, but was, indeed, the supremacy of a single great man, while many others say, on the contrar.†28 The death of Ephialtes increased the freedom of Pericles to exercise his power in shaping the history of Athens until his death, even though they accused him of dictatorship that deteriorated Athenian democracy. Pericles did not only influence the political realm, but also influenced the military history of Athens. Pericles was annoyed and threatened his enemies saying that, â€Å"Greece cannot but resent it as an insufferable affront, and consider her to be tyrannized over openly, when she sees the treasure, which was contributed by her upon a necessity for the war.†29 Pericles prepared to wage war with the barbarians and he â€Å"informed the people, that they were in no way obliged to give any account of those moneys to their allies, so long as they maintained their defense, and kept off the barbarians from attacking them.†30 He employed defensive strategy to exhaust and weaken barbarians’ military strength and resources so that he can successfully defeat them. Pericles enhanced the Athenian military power when he issued a decree summoning Greeks from various parts of the world to, â€Å"send their deputies to Athens to a general assembly, or convention, there to consult and advice concerning the Greek temples which the barbarians had burnt down.†31 The general assembly discussed issues concerning the security and military capacity of the Athens to protect her citizens, safety navigation of the sea and security of her trade. After the deliberations of the national assembly, Pericles â€Å" turned his forces against the revolters and passing over into the island of Euboea with fifty sail of ships and five thousand men in arms, he reduced their cities, and drove out the citizens of the Chalcidians.†32 In the war, he displayed the mighty armies of Athens under his heroic command. The greatest military achievement of Pericles happened when he fought the battle of Peloponnesian. Here he used his defensive tactics; for instance, during the war he â€Å"was not at all moved by any attacks, but took all patiently, and submitted in silence to the disgrace they threw upon him and the ill-will they bore him; and, sending out a fleet of a hundred galleys to Peloponnesus.†33 He participated in this war and become a hero as he â€Å"stayed behind, that he might watch at home and keep the city under his own control, till the Peloponnesians broke up their camp and were gone.†34 Therefore, Pericles became a military hero who ruled and commanded Athenian armies in shaping the history of Athens. Nero Nero validates the great person theory since he shaped the course of the Roman Empire history. He was a Roman emperor who ruled the expansive Roman Empire with great influence. His genealogy shows that he was born in a family with good reputation and influence, but he â€Å"degenerated from the good qualities of his ancestors, he yet reproduced the vices of each of them, as if transmitted to him by natural inheritance.†35 Nero is famous due to his negative influence in the course of Roman Empire history. He grew up and became exceedingly rich because â€Å"he did not only recover his father’s property, but he also enriched himself by an inheritance from his stepfather, Passienus Crispus.†36 With his richness, he joined into politics of the Roman Empire since he had a background of royal family. The death of his uncle, Emperor Claudius heralded his ascension into powers at the age of seventeen years. â€Å"Hailed emperor on th e steps of the Palace, he was carried in a litter to the Praetorian camp, and after a brief address to the soldiers was taken from there to the Curia.†37 Nero became hero for he achieved to be an emperor of the Roman Empire at the age of seventeen, making history because he become the youngest emperor ever to have ruled an empire. â€Å"To make his good intentions still more evident, he declared that he would rule according to the principles of Augustus, and he let slip no opportunity for acts of generosity and mercy, or even for displaying his affability.†38 He ruled four consulships and delegated administrative responsibilities to the senate according to his orders, which shaped the Roman Empire administration policy. In his administration he did not allow his advisers to influence his decision through discussion, so he â€Å"had each of them give his opinion in written form; these he read silently and in private and then gave a verdict according to his own inclinati on, as if it were the view of the majority.†39 Julius Vindex, the governor of Gaul revolted against the leadership of Nero and refused to pay taxes. â€Å"At last he was driven by numerous insulting edicts of Vindex, to urge the Senate in a letter to avenge him and the state, alleging a throat trouble as his excuse for not appearing in person.†40 Britain and Armenia formed allies against Nero and when he realized that there were impending misfortunes, he planned â€Å"to depose and assassinate the commanders of the armies and the governors of the provinces, on the ground that they were all united in a conspiracy against him.†41 Nero was a cruel and horrific leader who did not even trust his allies. Nero lost sight in his leadership and resorted to the desperate measures of assassinating his allies making a history of a bad commander. He also lost his morals because he killed his uncle, Emperor Claudius in order to attain power, killed his mother because of his im morality, and even married his stepsister. Therefore, the negative and dark history of the Roman Empire is a bibliography of Nero. Conclusion The great person theory is a valid interpretation of history since history is the cumulative achievements of great people who made exceptional contribution to the world. The great persons used their talents, knowledge, abilities, and wisdom to shape the course of history of their states, nations, empires and even the whole world. The achievements of the great persons shaped the course of history during their time because their actions had direct influence in the society. Now the course of history depends on their achievements as models and lessons for generations to come. The great men and heroes of the history who shaped the Greek and Roman Empires proved the great persons theory that, history is indeed the bibliography of great men. The bibliography of the great men of the Greek empire, Themistocles and Pericles define the course of ancient Greek Empire history. Their achievements portray economic, military, cultural, and political profile of their empires. On the other hand, the bibliography of the Roman Empire heroes, Nero and Caesar, define the course of history of the empire. Their great achievements did shape their course of history and the current society by extension, obtains invaluable lessons applicable to current crisis. Since the great achievements of great persons are shaping the course and destiny of the modernity, the contemporary society owes them a lot. Footnotes 1Thomas Carlyle. On Heroes, Hero-Worship and the Heroic in History. New York: Harvard University, 1841. 2Thomas Carlyle. On Heroes, Hero-Worship and the Heroic in History. 3John Dryden. â€Å"Themistocles.† The Internet Classic Archive. 2009. Web.. http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/themisto.html 4John Dryden.†Themistocles† 5John Dryden. †Themistocles† 6John Dryden. †Themistocles† 7John Dryden. †Th emistocles† 8John Dryden.†Themistocles† 9John Dryden. †Themistocles† 10 John Dryden. †Themistocles† 11John Dryden. †Themistocles† 12John Dryden.†Themistocles† 13 John Dryden. â€Å"Caesar† The Internet Classic Archive. 2009. Web. http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/caesar.html 14 John Dryden. â€Å"Caesar† 15 John Dryden. â€Å"Caesar† 16 John Dryden. â€Å"Caesar† 17 John Dryden. â€Å"Caesar† 18 John Dryden. â€Å"Caesar† 19 John Dryden. â€Å"Caesar† 20 John Dryden. â€Å"Caesar† 21 John Dryden. â€Å"Caesar† 22 John Dryden. â€Å"Caesar† 23 John Dryden. â€Å"Pericles† The Internet Classic Archive.2009. Web.. http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/pericles.html/ 24 John Dryden. â€Å"Pericles† 25 John Dryden. â€Å"Pericles† 26 John Dryden. â€Å"Pericles† 27 John Dryden. â€Å"Pericles† 28 John Dryden. â€Å"Pericles † 29 John Dryden. â€Å"Pericles† 30 John Dryden. â€Å"Pericles† 31 John Dryden. â€Å"Pericles† 32 John Dryden. â€Å"Pericles† 33 John Dryden. â€Å"Pericles† 34 John Dryden. â€Å"Pericles† 35 Paul Halsall. â€Å"Suetonius: De Vita Caesarum – Nero.† Internet Ancient History Sourcebook, 2000. Web..  http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/suet-nero-rolfe.html/ 36 Paul Halsall. â€Å"Suetonius: De Vita Caesarum – Nero.† 37 Paul Halsall. â€Å"Suetonius: De Vita Caesarum – Nero.† 38 Paul Halsall. â€Å"Suetonius: De Vita Caesarum – Nero.† 39 Paul Halsall. â€Å"Suetonius: De Vita Caesarum – Nero.† 40 Paul Halsall. â€Å"Suetonius: De Vita Caesarum – Nero.† 41 Paul Halsall. â€Å"Suetonius: De Vita Caesarum – Nero.† Works Cited Carlyle, Thomas. On Heroes, Hero-Worship and the Heroic in History. New York: Harvard University, 1841. Dryden, John. â€Å"Caesar† The Internet Classic Archive, 2009. Web.. http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/caesar.html Dryden, John. â€Å"Pericles.† The Internet Classic Archive, 2009. Web..  http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/pericles.html Dryden, John. â€Å"Themistocles.† The Internet Classic Archive, 2009. Web.. http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/themisto.html Halsall, Paul. â€Å"Suetonius: De Vita Caesarum – Nero.† Internet Ancient History  Sourcebook, 2000. Web.. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/suet-nero-rolfe.html This term paper on The Great Person Theory: Is it a Valid Interpretation of History? was written and submitted by user Ainsley Owen to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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Dimensions of national culture - Essay Example As human beings evolve so does their culture (Marcus, 1995). People are always striving to improve their state of living for the better. This is done by improving their clothing to fit in better with the weather conditions, while at the same time coping with the need to make them fashionable and easy to keep to hygienically clean. Music, theatre, fine arts, language and literature are developed in order to add some color and entertainment in everyday living, as well as improve on communication. Sports and educational syllabuses are also developed for entertainment and improvement of skills. All these facets of life among others keep on changing from one form the other thus enriching culture (Marcus, 1995). All of these developments are recorded for future references in different symbols including writing, drawings, cave paintings or passed from one person to another orally. As this culture is passed on it is modified through innovation, borrowing from others. Elements like language t herefore constantly improve and diversify as time goes by (Cohen, 1985). This paper sets out to analyze the development of national culture and to explain why people within a certain nationality or region typically develop traits that are unique to themselves. The paper looks at how different cultural backgrounds affect persons working within an organization. It also explains the effects impede or support the realizations of the objectives of the said organization. Elements of Organizational Culture Every nation is renowned for certain things. For instance the vast majority of people of Britain enjoy association football [also known as soccer] whose rules were founded in that country in 1863; very much. This is different when compared to Americans who prefer their own version of football which is closer to the Rugby that is also loved a lot in Britain (Maccambridge, 2004). This same case applies to organizations. According to Hofstede (1980), national culture directly influences org anizational culture. Organizations exist within countries and are therefore influenced by the prevailing culture within them. In his study of national cultural influences he identified four dimensions of culture. These he classified as power distance, uncertainty avoidance, collectivism vs individualism and masculinity vs femininity (Hofstede, 1980). The first dimension, power distance, refers to the difference of power allowed by the society between the highest and lowest echelons of power. A high power difference score means that there is a great difference between the power wielded and the privileges enjoyed by people high ranking individuals and their lower ranking counterparts within the organization (Schein, 2005). A low score on the other hand means that everybody in the organization enjoys almost equal rights to anybody else (Schein, 2005). The measure of power distance in different nationalities revealed that countries such as Australia, Austria, Denmark and Israel had some of the lowest power distance levels while sub-Saharan African and Malaysia among others had the highest (Hofstede, 1980). The second one uncertainty avoidance refers to extent of anxiety about the unknown in a society. In cultures where there is strong uncertainty avoidance, people prefer operating with explicit rules and laws that govern labor and social relations. Employees in this system tend to keep the same job for long since they feel less

Business Structure Advice Essay Example for Free

Business Structure Advice Essay Owner- Congratulations for taking the first step in starting your own business. I am confident that I can provide you the necessary information that you need in order to help you make the best decisions for you and your new business venture. Developing a detailed business plan is key in starting a successful business. When forming a business you will first need to decide on the business structure. In your email you stated that you were on whether or not you wanted partners. You have the following options for business structures: sole proprietorship or partnership. A sole proprietorship is the basic type of business structure. It would consist as you being the owner only to run and operate the business. The advantages of this business structure is that it is easy to start-up, the start-up costs are low and the owner receives all profits from the business. Also, the owner can upgrade to a partnership or corporation easily in the future. A disadvantage to this business structure is the proprietor is responsible for debts and obligations. Business earnings for a sole proprietorship is taxed once, thus making filing taxes not complicated. Funding for a sole proprietorship is usually from personal finances and friends and families. This is due to limited financial opportunities from lending institutions and investors. A partnership involves you and at least one other person. There is two types of partnerships: general and limited. In a general partnership owners are equal and split responsibilities accordingly. In a limited partnership the limited partner have a limited role. The advantage of a general partnership is that the business is easy to start and profits and losses are divided among the partners. A disadvantage is that all partners are liable for debt. Another disadvantage is that all partners are bound to actions or decisions made by one partner. Last, this is not a good structure if the partnership wants large capital. For this type of business structure, each partner is taxed. A limited partnership is ideal for who has a preference of not having an active role in the company. Advantages include: minimum government regulations, limited partners not held responsible for debt and liabilities, and gener al partners have complete control. Disadvantages for a limited partnership are: more expensive to create compared to a general.

Kidnapped :: Free Essays Online

Kidnapped Kidnapped: Being Memoirs of the Adventures of David Balfour in the Year 1751 was written by Robert Louis Stevenson. Stevenson was born in Edinburgh, Scotland in 1850. As a child growing up Stevenson was extremely sick and suffered from severe respiratory ailments which continually interrupted his schooling. As he grew up his relationship with his parents became more and more difficult. His father expected Robert to follow the family profession and become an engineer. Stevenson agreed to study law but rarely attended classes and studied literature instead. Motivated by his love for adventure and need for a climate that suited his health needs Stevenson was continually traveling. In the 1870’s he traveled to France making money off of essays and travel books. There he met Fanny Osbourne, a married American he soon fell in love with. Stevenson followed Fanny to California to arrange for her divorce and soon after the newly married couple moved back to Europe During the 1880’s Stevenson wrote the novels that would make him famous. Treasure Island was the first book to set him off on his literary career in 1883. This book although written for a boys magazine is said to be more for an adult audience; that’s how most of Stevenson’s books are, filled with romantic adventure and a grim reality. In 1886, Stevenson wrote two novels, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, one of his most famous works, and Kidnapped. Although received highly by the critics Kidnapped was overshadowed by Jekyll and Hyde in the public’s eye. Kidnapped is a story with fictional characters woven around true incidents. David Balfour is orphaned at nineteen and sent to his uncle to gain his inheritance. As he travels across the country to get to his uncle’s estate he learns that the people curse his name. When he gets to his uncle’s house instead of being greeted with a warm family welcome, his Uncle Ebenezer shuns him away. David refuses to leave and demands his inheritance and his uncle finally decides to take him in.

Determining the Rate of Reaction When Reacting Magnesium Powder with Hydrochloric Acid Essay

Aim: To determine the rate of reaction for: Research Question: What effect does the concentration of hydrochloric acid have on the rate of reaction when combined with magnesium powder? Hypothesis I hypothesise that the volume of hydrogen gas produced will increase at a steep, but steady rate as the concentration of hydrochloric acid increases, until the concentration is equal to 1.0 mol dm-3. Therefore, the rate of reaction will remain constant until this point. I suggest this concentration because the standard concentration of hydrochloric acid used in general experiments is usually 1 mol dm-3. I then theorize that the rate of reaction will gradually decrease until the gradient of the graph (‘effect of increasing concentration of HCl against the volume of hydrogen produced’ – line graph 1) becomes à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0. Variables: Type of Variable Variable Ensured by†¦ Dependent Variable * Time Taken * Timed using stop clock * Volume of Hydrogen Gas Produced * Experiment repeated three time & Average taken Independent Variable (quantitative) * Concentration of HCl(aq) * 8 concentrations were used Controlled Variables * Temperature * Water bath was used * Thermometer placed in water bath * Mass of Magnesium * Used a 3 d.p. balance * Surface Area of Magnesium * Used powder & made sure mass was the same * Volume of Hydrochloric Acid * A burette was used to measure volume Requirements: * water bath (30oC) * 500cm3 conical flask * rubber stopper * delivery tubing * measuring cylinder * clamp stand * stop clock * 0.06g magnesium powder * 20cm3 hydrochloric acid * 3 d.p. balance * spatula * weighing boat * burette (x2) * thermometer in water trough * safety goggles Apparatus: Technical Notes 1) The magnesium powder should be as pure as possible. It should be stored in a clean and dry environment to ensure that no impurities (such as effects of oxidation) prevent the collection of accurate data. 2) Eye protection is necessary due to the use of hydrochloric acid – tiny bubbles may cause irritation of eyes. 3) Rubber, instead of cork, must be used as the material for the bungs. Cork is too porous and will leak. 4) No naked flames should be present – hydrogen gas is extremely flammable Method: 1. The solutions were prepared with a calculated combination of hydrochloric acid and water, to produce 8 different concentrations of 20cm3 hydrochloric acid 2. The apparatus was set up as shown in the diagram. The trough was half filled with water 3. The measuring cylinder was filled with water, and remained full whilst being turned upside-down (as in diagram) 4. The magnesium powder was added to the conical flask quickly and the bung was replaced as fast as possible to prevent any gas escaping. The stop clock was started. 5. The volume of the gas was then collected in the measuring cylinder, measured and recorded after 30 seconds 6. Steps 3-5 was repeated three times with fresh materials, and an average volume of gas collated was calculated for that concentration 7. This process (steps 1-6) was repeated for the 7 other concentrations (0.25 – 2.00M) 8. The rate of reaction was then calculated for each of the concentrations Observations: * As the magnesium powder reacted with the hydrochloric acid, fizzing on the surface was evidence of a reaction taking place. Conclusion: From my data and calculations, I determined the rate of reaction (for concentration of HCl: 0.25 to 2.00M) to be between 0.24 and 1.14 (respectively) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 11.68%. The rate of reaction is affected by a number of factors. Increasing the concentration of reactants will usually cause the rate of reaction increase. A higher concentration will mean that there is more of the reactant to collide together and react. By measuring the volume of gas (hydrogen) evolved at each concentration, I was able to calculate the rate of reaction for each of the concentrations. The volume of gas evolved increases as the concentration of HCl (aq) increase, as does the rate of reaction (the gradient of line graph 1). However, the graph showing the rate of concentration against average volume of gas (i.e. showing the rate of reaction) begins to level off at 1.25M, and not 1.00M, as I hypothesised. This could be associated to one or many of the random or systematic errors, resulting in à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½11.68% uncertainty for the value of rate of reaction. It could also be that my hypothesis was proved wrong on this account. There is no standard rate of reaction, as it is different for each trial, since the rate of reaction is dependent on concentration. There is not single rate of reaction for this type of experiment. Evaluation: Variable Possible Problems Prevention Temperature of Hydrochloric Acid If the temperature increases, it could be the cause of any change in rate of reaction & would mask the effects of the change in concentration The flask was placed in a water bath set at 30oC in order to keep it at a constant temperature & eliminate this as an independent variable Volume of Hydrochloric Acid If the volume varies, it could be responsible for an increase or decrease in the rate of reaction & it would not be a reliable experiment 20cm3 of hydrochloric acid was used for every experiment Mass of Magnesium Powder If the mass increases, it would alter the rate of reaction & would cause inaccurate results 0.06g of magnesium powder was used for every experiment